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Scientific & Mathematical Constants

A quick-reference list of the constants that come up most often in maths, physics and engineering — handy for homework, quick sanity checks, or when you can't remember the exact figure.

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Pi (π)3.14159265359
Euler's number (e)2.71828182846
Golden ratio (φ)1.61803398875
Speed of light (c)299,792,458 m/s
Avogadro's number (Nₐ)6.02214076 × 10²³ /mol
Planck's constant (h)6.62607015 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s
Gravitational constant (G)6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg²
Standard gravity (g)9.80665 m/s²
Boltzmann constant (k)1.380649 × 10⁻²³ J/K
Absolute zero−273.15 °C (0 K)

Most of these — the speed of light, Planck's constant, Avogadro's number and the Boltzmann constant — are now defined as exact fixed values under the 2019 revision of the SI (International System of Units), rather than being experimentally measured figures with uncertainty attached.

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Common scientific constants questions

What is the value of pi?

Pi (π) is approximately 3.14159265359 — the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.

What is absolute zero in Celsius?

Absolute zero is −273.15°C, or 0 Kelvin — the theoretical point at which particles have minimal thermal motion.

Is the speed of light exactly 299,792,458 m/s?

Yes — since 1983, the metre has been defined in terms of the speed of light, which makes c an exact defined value (299,792,458 m/s) rather than a measured approximation.